Beamformer for multi-beam broadcast antenna

ABSTRACT

A phased array antenna system operative to broadcast multiple beams that each include coded data for specific users located within the coverage area of the corresponding beam. An appropriate receiver then receives and decodes a particular beam to extract the specific data for a corresponding user. Multiple users may be assigned to each beam using frequency division or orthogonal code multiplexing, and the user data may be encoded into the beams using frequency shift key or phase shift key encoding. For each coding technique, the encoded antenna control signals are combined into a total gain and total phase shift control signal, which drives a single phase and gain control device for each antenna element. In addition, a single data modulator generates the coding parameters for the entire communication system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to commonly-owned U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/344,634 entitled “Virtual Beamformer ForCommunication Applications” filed Nov. 9, 2001.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to phased array antenna broadcast systems,such as those used for mobile telephone and other data communicationsystems, and more particularly relates to a beam former that generatesencoded control signals that drive the antenna elements of a phasedarray to transmit multiple beams that each carry unique data directed tomultiple users receiving the corresponding beam.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Phased array antenna broadcast systems, such as those used for mobiletelephone and other data communication systems, take advantage of thephase differential that occurs according to the direction of coherentpropagating energy. For example, in a simple array of two closely spacedantenna elements lying in a plane and both facing forward, an incomingsignal coming straight from the forward direction would be received atthe same time at both elements, resulting in signals at each elementhaving the same phase, which are referred to as “in-phase.” But if theenergy approaches the elements at an angle, the two elements receive theenergy at different times, resulting in a phase differential or “shift”between the two signals. This is similar to ocean waves arriving at abeach. If the wave comes straight in to shore, the wave washes upon thebeach at the same time along the beach. If the wave is coming in at anangle relative to the beach, however, it arrives first in one spot andthen progressively arrives down the beach at later times.

A similar phenomenon is at work in phased array antenna systems. Sincethe propagating electromagnetic energy reaches the nearest antennaelement first, the direction of the incoming energy can be determined bydetecting the phase differential. Similarly, energy emitted from theantenna may be pointed in a particular direction by controlling thephase angles of the signals emitted from the antenna elements. Forexample, a directional “beam” may be formed by emitting signals from theantenna elements with coordinated phase delays, which causes the emittedenergy to add up constructively in a desired beam direction whilepartially or completely canceling out in all other directions. It iscommon to steer a coherent beam created in this manner by controllingprogrammable phase and gain control devices at each antenna element in acoordinated manner. For example, a single beam formed by a phased arraymay be controlled to periodically sweep across the antenna's angularcoverage, to track an intended receiver, to sweep or track whileavoiding a known signal, or to achieve other objectives. Thisconventional beam steering system uses a single controllable phase andgain control device for each antenna element and a beam steeringcomputer to create and control the beam.

It is also conventional to use a phased array antenna system tosimultaneously broadcast multiple beams having different pointingdirections. For example, rather than steering one beam to sweep acrossthe antenna's angular coverage, as described above, the phased array maybe controlled to divide the antenna's angular coverage into multiplebeams to broadcast data throughout the entire operational volumesimultaneously. In addition, systems have been developed that can use aphased array antenna to broadcast different data in each beam. This isaccomplished conventionally by dividing the signal emitted by eachantenna element into separate beams for each user using separate phaseand gain control devices at each antenna element for each user. That is,a separate beam is typically defined for each user containing thatparticular user's data. This typically requires a separate phase andgain control device at each antenna element for each user, and aseparate data modulator for each user. In other words, the data signalsfor the individual users are conventionally formed by providing aseparate data modulator and separate sets of antenna hardware at eachantenna element for each user, which generally multiplies the requirednumber of antenna hardware elements by the number of simultaneous users.This may be considered a “brute force” design technique due to the heavydependence on antenna hardware to generate the desired beams.

However, applying this technology to a typical mobile telephone systemwould be prohibitively expensive and unwieldy. For example, the phasedarray antenna for a typical transmit base station might include 30antenna elements that generate 10 simultaneous beams to serve 10,000users. In this case, each of the 30 antenna elements would require10,000 phase and gain control devices, resulting in 300,000 phase andgain control devices. The system would also require 10,000 datamodulators to create the data signals for the 10,000 individual users.This approach would require 300,000 phase and gain devices and 10,000data modulators, which would result in a system that is exorbitantlyexpensive, complex to construct, large in size, and heavy. Any one ormore of these penalties may be critical for a particular application.

Alternatively, systems have been developed in which the data signals forthe various users assigned to a particular beam are combined before theyare supplied to the antenna elements. As a result, in this type ofsystem each antenna element requires a separate phase and gain controldevice for each beam, rather than a separate phase and gain controldevice for each user. Although this design choice drastically reducesthe number of phase and gain control devices, the system also requires acombiner for each beam. Referring to the previous example, this type ofsystem would require 300 phase and gain control devices (i.e., one foreach of the 10 beams at each of the 30 antenna elements), 10 beamcombiners (i.e., one for each of the 10 beams) and 10,000 datamodulators to create the data signals for the 10,000 individual users.Although the number of phase and gain control devices is greatlyreduced, this type of system would still require a very large number ofdata communication hardware components, including 10,000 datamodulators.

Accordingly, a need exists for improved methods and systems forbroadcasting data using multiple beams with a phased array antennasystem. In particular, a need exists for phased array antenna systemsthat can broadcast data to multiple users using multiple beams withoutdedicating a separate phase and gain control device to each user or eachbeam at each antenna element, and without requiring a separate datamodulator for each user.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention meets the needs described above in a phased arraydata communication system that uses an intelligent beam former to drivethe antenna array to broadcast multiple data-containing beams using asingle programmable phase and gain control device for each antennaelement, and a single data modulator to serve all of the users. Theintelligent beam former assigns multiple users to each beam and encodeseach beam with the data for the corresponding users. The beam formerthen creates a combined control signal for each antenna element thatcontains the encoded data, and broadcasts the data by applying thecontrol signal for each antenna element to a single phase and gaincontrol device for each antenna element. This control signal for eachantenna element includes a total gain and total phase shift thatrepresents the vector sum of encoded data signals for users assigned tothe various beams. For example, multiple users may be assigned to eachbeam using frequency division or orthogonal code multiplexing, and theuser data may be encoded into the beams using frequency shift key orphase shift key encoding.

Advantageously, the present invention may be used to transmit uniquedata to a large number of users using a multi-beam phased array antennasystem having a single programmable phase and gain control device foreach antenna element, and a single data modulator for the entire system.That is, the invention allows a beam encoder implemented throughsoftware running on a beam forming computer, and cooperating filters andbeam decoders located in the receiving devices, such as conventionalCDMA or frequency filters with cooperating frequency shift key or phaseshift key decoders, to effectively replace the multiplicity of antennahardware and data modulators found in conventional multi-beam phasedarray antenna data communication systems. The resulting system, whichincludes a single data modulator and a single phase and gain controldevice for each antenna element, requires far less antenna and datacommunication hardware than previous systems designed to accomplishsimilar communication objectives. Moreover, the data modulators used forthe embodiments of the present invention are implement in software and,therefore, only require a small section of digital signal processingcode implemented within the beam forming computer. This software replacea large amount of data modulator hardware used in prior systems, such asdigital circuitry, intermediate frequency amplitude and/or phasemodulators, and up-converters to the desired RF frequency.

The beam forming computer may also control multiple antennas, change theantennas under control on demand, change beam patterns on demand, changecode sets on demand, and switch between encoding methodologies on demandto avoid interference on certain channels, implement security measures,or achieve other objectives. Since the present invention implements allof these capabilities through software applied to standard antenna anddata communication hardware, a very wide range of phased array antennasystems can be manufactured or upgraded to include these capabilitieswithout substantially increasing the cost, complexity, size, or weightof the systems.

Generally described, the methodology of the invention may be implementedon a beam forming computer, which may be local or remote, or it may beexpressed in computer-executable instructions stored on a computerstorage medium. The beam forming computer implements a method foroperating a phased array data communication system having a number ofantenna elements. The system receives data for a number of users andassigns the data to a number of beams. The system then encodes each beamwith the data for the corresponding users and generates control signalsto drive the antenna elements to generate the beams. In particular, thecontrol signal for each element is composed of a total gain and a totalphase shift, such that the combination of the control signals generatedfor all of the antenna elements causes the antenna to emit the severalbeams in which each beam carries encoded data for its assigned users.The system then broadcasts the beams to deliver the data to the users.

The system typically assigns the user data to the various beams bydetermining a location associated with each user and identifying acoverage area associated with each beam. The system then assigns theuser data to the beams so that the location of each user corresponds tothe coverage area of the associated beam. This allows each user toreceive an associated beam containing the data directed to that user,and to decode the received beam to recover that user's associated data.In addition, the system may broadcast data in this manner using a numberof different desired antennas, beam sets, and code sets. That is, thesystem may change the selected antenna, beam set, and code set on demandto avoid interference, to implement security measures, and to achieveother objectives.

For any desired antenna, beam set, and code set, the system typicallyassigns multiple users to each beam and encodes each beam with the datafor the corresponding users by defining a control signal for eachantenna element in which each control signal is composed of beamcomponents corresponding to the various beams. In particular, the systemcomputes the total gain and a total phase shift for each antenna elementfrom the vector sum of the beam components associated with thecorresponding antenna element. In addition, the system encodes each beamcomponent with the data for the corresponding users by computing avector sum of data signals for users assigned to the corresponding beam,in which each data signal includes a coding parameter representing datafor a corresponding user.

More specifically, the system typically encodes each beam with the datafor the corresponding users by computing an in-phase component for thecontrol signal for each antenna element composed of a vector projectionsum of in-phase beam components for the corresponding antenna element.The system also computes a quadrature component for the control signalfor each antenna element composed of a vector projection sum ofquadrature beam components for the corresponding antenna element. Thesystem then computes a total gain and a total phase shift for eachantenna element from the corresponding in-phase and quadraturecomponents. Specifically, the in-phase component for each antennaelement preferably includes an in-phase component corresponding to eachbeam. Similarly, the quadrature beam components for each antenna elementpreferably include a quadrature component corresponding to each beam.

In various embodiments, multiple users may be assigned to each beamusing orthogonal code multiplexing, and the user data may be encodedinto each beam using a phase shift key encoding technique. In this case,the appropriate beams may be received and decoded to recover theappropriate data using an orthogonal code filter, such as a conventionalCDMA filter. Alternatively, multiple users may be assigned to each beamusing frequency division multiplexing, and the user data may be encodedinto each beam using frequency shift key encoding or phase shift keyencoding. For these alternatives, the appropriate beam may be receivedwith a conventional frequency filter and the received beam may bedecoded to recover the appropriate data using a conventional frequencyshift key or phase shift key decoder.

The invention may also be embodied as a multi-beam phased array antennasystem including a number of antenna elements and a phase and gaincontrol device associated with each antenna element. The system may alsoinclude a beam forming computer configured to generate control signalsto drive the phase and gain control devices to create multiple beams.The system may also include an antenna selector for selecting among anumber of antennas, a code selector configured to identify desiredcoding parameter sets, and a beam selector configured to identifydesired beam sets.

Typically, each beam is assigned data corresponding to users locatedwithin a coverage area associated with the corresponding beam, and thecontrol signal for each antenna element includes a total gain and atotal phase shift. For example, the control signal for each antennaelement may include a vector sum of beam components in which one beamcomponent corresponds to an associated beam. Each beam component mayinclude a vector sum of data signals for users assigned to thecorresponding beam, in which each data signal contains a codingparameter representing data for an associated user. In particular, thecontrol signal for each antenna element typically includes an in-phasecomponent defined by a sum of in-phase beam components for thecorresponding antenna element. Further, the control signal for eachantenna element may include a quadrature component defined by a sum ofquadrature beam components for the corresponding antenna element. Thisallows the control signal for each antenna element to include a totalgain and a total phase shift for the antenna element based on thein-phase and quadrature components for the corresponding antennaelement. More specifically, the in-phase beam components for eachantenna element may include an in-phase component corresponding to eachbeam. Similarly, the quadrature beam components for each antenna elementmay include a quardature component corresponding to each beam. In thismanner, the coding parameters are embedded into the in-phase andquadrature beam components.

In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the presentinvention avoids the drawbacks of prior methods for broadcasting datausing multi-beam phased array antenna systems. The specific techniquesand structures for embedding data in multiple-beams with minimal antennahardware, and thereby accomplishing the advantages described above, willbecome apparent from the following detailed description of theembodiments and the appended drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a multi-beam data communication systemusing a phased array antenna according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a routine for operating amulti-beam data communication system using a phased array antenna toimplement an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an expanded multi-beam data communicationsystem including an antenna selector, a beam selector, and a codeselector.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a cylindrical phased array antenna that maybe used to employ the present invention for a mobile telephoneapplication.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating multiple beams generated by thecylindrical phased array antenna of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a generalized diagram of a phased array antenna.

FIG. 7 is a generalized block diagram illustrating multiple beams formedby a phased array antenna.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating the composition of multiple beamsfrom components emitted by various antenna elements, and illustrating acorresponding composition of the signals emitted by various antennaelements as components of multiple beams.

FIG. 9 illustrates the mathematical expression of antenna parameter,beams, and signals transmitted by various antenna elements.

FIG. 10 illustrates antenna beam parameter computed from antenna elementpositions and desired beam pointing directions.

FIG. 11 illustrates the mathematical derivation of antenna beamparameter computed from antenna element positions and desired beampointing directions.

FIG. 12 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a routine for obtainingantenna beam parameter for desired beam sets.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first embodiment of thepresent invention, which includes a phased array antenna systemconfigured to encode data into multiple beams using frequency divisionmultiplexing and frequency or phase shift key encoding technique.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second embodiment of thepresent invention, which includes a phased array antenna systemconfigured to encode data into multiple beams using orthogonal codemultiplexing and a phase shift key encoding technique.

FIG. 15 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a routine for operating amulti-beam data communication system to implement an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates generalized mathematical expressions for controlsignals for a multi-beam data communication system employing the beamforming technology of the present invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates specific mathematical expressions for controlsignals for a multi-beam data communication system using severaldifferent multiplexing and data encoding techniques.

FIG. 18A is a block diagram illustrating orthogonal code reuse in amulti-beam data communication system.

FIG. 18B is a block diagram illustrating frequency reuse in a multi-beamdata communication system.

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a first prior art multi-beam datacommunication system.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a second prior art multi-beam datacommunication system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Briefly described, the invention may be embodied in a phased array datacommunication system that is operative to simultaneously generatemultiple beams that each carry data directed to multiple users locatedwithin the corresponding beam. In particular, the phased array antennamay transmit multiple beams in which multiple users are multiplexed intoeach beam, and each beam is encoded with unique data for multiple users.This allows each beam to include unique data for multiple users locatedwithin a transmission coverage area associated with the correspondingbeam. An appropriate receiver then receives the beam containing thecorresponding user's data using an appropriate filter, and decodes thereceived beam to extract the data directed to the corresponding userusing an appropriate decoder.

Using this encoding technique, multiple beams that each contain uniquedata directed to multiple users can be formed with a single set ofantenna hardware for each antenna element instead of requiring amultiplicity of antenna hardware, one for each user or beam, as isneeded in prior art multi-beam antenna systems. The system also uses asingle data modulator for the entire system implemented in software,rather than requiring a separate hardware-based data modulator for eachuser, as is needed in prior art multi-beam antenna systems. This greatlyreduces the cost, complexity, size and weight of the data communicationsystem.

Preferably, multiple users are assigned to each beam using frequencydivision or orthogonal code multiplexing. Further, each beam ispreferably encoded with the data for the assigned users using afrequency shift key or phase shift key encoding technique, althoughother coding techniques can be employed. Each user's receiver thenreceives the beam containing that user's data using an appropriatefilter, and the user's unique data is extracted from the received beamusing an appropriate decoder. For each coding technique, the encodedantenna signals to be emitted by each antenna element are controlled bya total gain and total phase shift control signal applied to a singlephase and gain control device for each antenna element. However, eachcontrol signal is composed of a vector sum of beam components, and eachbeam component is composed of a vector sum of data signals for theindividual users assigned to that beam. This allows the combination ofthe signals emitted by the antenna elements to form an arbitrary numberof “m” beams that each carry data for an arbitrary number of “p”individual users. In addition, a single data modulator generates thecoding parameters for the entire system, which are embedded into theantenna element control signals through the antenna control softwareimplemented by a beam forming computer. Therefore, a separate datamodulator is not required for each user.

Although the embodiments of the invention described below are tailoredfor a mobile telephone system, it should be understood that the sametechniques may be applied to any other system for communicating datausing propagating energy, such as sonar systems, optic systems, andsystems operating at any other range in the frequency spectrum, byadjusting the hardware physical design parameters to be appropriate forthe selected frequency range and propagation medium. Further, theinvention may be embodied equally effectively in phased array antennashaving different antenna configurations and communication objectives.For example, the invention is equally applicable to mobile telephonesystems, satellite communication systems, military communicationsystems, and so forth. Similarly, the invention is equally applicable tophased array antenna systems with planar arrays, curved arrays,cylindrical arrays, hemi-spherical arrays, spherical arrays, conicalarrays, and so forth.

Due to the ability of the invention to generate multiple beams that eachcontain unique data for multiple users with a single antenna controldevice for each antenna element, the invention is well suited to phasedarray systems with large numbers of antenna elements and beams. However,the invention is equally applicable to antenna systems with any numberof elements or beams. In addition, the invention may be embodied in anew antenna system or as an upgrade to an existing antenna system. Inparticular, an existing data communication system using a phased arrayantenna may already include at least one programmable phase and gaincontrol device for each antenna element, at least one beam formingcomputer, and at least one data modulator. Therefore, the presentinvention may be used to upgrade this type of conventional datacommunication system to a multi-beam data communication system withoutthe need for extensive additional hardware.

It should be understood that the terms “phase and gain control device”and “gain and phase control device” are used synonymously, and that the“phase” and “gain” control portions may be physically embodied in asingle device or in different devices. Further, the phase and gaincontrol devices may be embodied in conventional attenuators and phaseshifters, although any suitable device, whether known today or inventedin the future, for performing these functions may be employed. Althoughone phase and gain control device for each antenna element is sufficientto implement the embodiments of the present invention, the antenna mayinclude more than one phase and gain control device for each antennaelement.

Turning now to the figures, in which similar reference numerals indicatesimilar elements in the several figures, FIG. 1 is a functional blockdiagram illustrating the components of a multi-beam data communicationsystem 10 utilizing the beam encoding technology of the presentinvention. Generally, the antenna system 10 includes a data source 20producing data for a large number of users, such as a mobile telephonesystem. The system 10 includes a beam forming computer 30 that createscontrol signals to drive an “n-element” phased array antenna 40 toproduce “m” beams 42 a through 42 m encoded with the data received fromthe data source 20 and directed to “p” receivers 50 located within beam42 a, “p” receivers 60 located within beam 42 b, and so forth through“p” receivers 70 located within beam 42 m. In a mobile telephone system,for example, each beam typically serves a geographic coverage areacontaining associated receivers, such as mobile telephones,corresponding to the data produced by the data source 20. In addition,each beam may serve an arbitrary number of users having receivers,represented as “p” users. That is, the beam forming computer 30 drives“n” antenna elements to generate “m” beams that each transmit data to“p” users located within the coverage area of the corresponding beam.

To send the correct data to each user, the beam forming computer 30includes a data sorter 32 that assigns the data produced by the datasource 20 among the “m” beams. Typically, the data sorter 32 identifiesthe location of each user and assigns that user's data to the beam withthe corresponding coverage area. To do so, the beam forming computer 30includes an encoder 34 that encodes each user's data into acorresponding beam, and a control signal generator 36 that drives the“n” phase and gain control devices of the phased array antenna 40 togenerate the “m” beams with the encoded data multiplexed into theappropriate beams. This allows the receivers 50, 60 and 70 to receiveand decode the data for the associated users. It should be understoodthat all of these elements may be deployed in a combined enclosure aspart of the beam forming computer 30, as suggested by FIG. 1, or eachelement may be deployed in a separate enclosure, or they may be combinedin any manner suitable to a particular application. In addition, eachelement may be located in a single physical location, or it may bedistributed in a network environment.

On the receive side, the receiver 52 a receives beam 42 a and decoder 54a decodes this beam to extract one user's data, receiver 52 b alsoreceives beam 42 a and decoder 54 b decodes this beam to extract anotheruser's data, and so forth through receiver 52 p which receives beam 42 aand decoder 54 p which decodes this beam to extract another user's data.Similarly, the receiver 62 a receives beam 42 b and decoder 64 a decodesthis beam to extract one user's data, receiver 62 b also receives beam42 b and decoder 64 b decodes this beam to extract another user's data,and so forth through receiver 62 p which receives beam 42 b and decoder64 p which decodes this beam to extract another user's data. This istypical for all of the “m” beams, as represented by the receiver 72 awhich receives beam 42 m and decoder 74 a which decodes this beam toextract one user's data, receiver 72 b which also receives beam 42 m anddecoder 74 b which decodes this beam to extract another user's data, andso forth through receiver 72 p which receives beam 42 m and decoder 74 pwhich decodes this beam to extract yet another user's data.

Generally stated, the control signal generator 36 drives the phasedarray antenna 40, which includes an arbitrary number of “n” antennaelements that each have at least one gain and phase control device thatcan be individually controlled by the control signal generator 36, toemit an arbitrary number of “m” beams. Each beam is multiplexed withencoded data for an arbitrary number of “p” users located within thecoverage area of the corresponding beam. In particular, the controlsignal applied to the phase and gain control device for each antennaelement consists of a total gain and a total phase shift for each dataincrement, which changes from data increment to data increment at the“chip” rate to reflect changes in the underlying data. However, thistotal gain and phase shift signal for each data increment is composed ofthe vector sum of “m” beam components, one for each beam, which allowsthe antenna to emit “m” beams simultaneously. Further, each beamcomponent is composed the vector sum of “p” data signals, one for eachuser located within the beam, which allows each beam to simultaneouslytransmit data to “p” users located within the coverage area of thatbeam. In addition, several multiplexing schemes may be used to assignmultiple users to each beam, such as frequency division and orthogonalcode multiplexing. Further, several coding schemes may be used to encodethe data signals by embedding coding parameters that represent user datainto the various control signals, such as frequency shift key and phaseshift key encoding.

The beam encoder 34 generates the coding parameters for each desiredencoding scheme and supplies the coding parameters to the control signalgenerator 36. For example, the beam encoder 22 may generate phase shiftkey parameters for use with an orthogonal code multiplexing scheme, orit may generate phase shift or frequency shift key parameters for usewith a frequency division multiplexing scheme. In each instance, thebeam encoder 34 coordinates its coding scheme with the operationalspecifications for the beam decoders 54 a-p, 64 a-p and 74 a-p. That is,the beam encoder 34 generates coding parameters that the beam decodersare configured to detect when they are properly reflected in the controlsignals created by the control signal generator 36 and applied to thephase and gain control devices of the antenna array 40. The beam encoder34 may also coordinate with the decoders to change coding parameters andtechniques on demand, which is similar to conventional “code hopping,”“frequency hopping,” and similar techniques. Stated generally, the beamencoder 34 ensures that the coding parameters are selected to properlysynchronize the operation of the beam decoders with the control signalgenerator 36, and that the control signals and beams will be within theoperational ranges of the associated devices.

The control signal generator 36 receives the coding parameters from thebeam encoder 34 and a clock signal corresponding to the datatransmission or “chip” rate and embeds the coding parameters into thecontrol signals in accordance with the clock signal to produce controlsignal time functions. These control signals are applied to the phaseand gain control devices of the antenna array 40 to cause the array togenerate the “m” encoded beams simultaneously. In particular, thecontrol signal for each antenna element includes a total gain and totalphase shift representing the vector of components for each desired beam,which in turn contain the vector sums of data signals for users locatedwith the corresponding beam. The total gain and total phase shift foreach antenna element is then applied to the phase and gain controldevice for the corresponding antenna element, which produces “m” encodedbeams that each contain data for the users located within thecorresponding beam. Specific methodologies for multiplexing each beam tocontain data for multiple users including frequency division andorthogonal code multiplexing, and for encoding the data for multipleusers into each beam including frequency shift key and phase shift keyencoding, are more fully described below. However, it should beunderstood that other multiplexing and data encoding schemes can beused.

FIG. 2 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a routine 100 for generatingmultiple beams with a phased array data communication system, in whicheach beam is encoded with data directed to users located within thecorresponding beam. In step 102, the data communication system receivesuser data and organizes the data by beam. In a mobile telephoneapplication, for example, the system may identify the location of eachuser and organize the data into beams such that each beam is assignedthe data for users located within that beam's coverage area. Step 102 isfollowed by step 104, in which the data communication system encodeseach beam with data for users assigned to the corresponding beam. Forexample, each beam is preferably composed of the vector sum of datasignals for the corresponding users, in which each data signal carriesdata for an individual user. Step 104 is followed by step 106, in whichthe data communication system combines the beams for simultaneousbroadcast. In particular, the data communication system preferablycomputes a total gain and total phase shift signal for each antennaelement representing the vector sum of beam components for that antennaelement. Step 106 is followed by step 108, in which the datacommunication system broadcasts the data by applying the total gain andtotal phase shift control signals to the corresponding antenna elements.Step 108 is followed by step 110, in which each user receives the data,for example with a mobile telephone unit. Step 110 is followed by step112, in which user decodes the received beam to extract the datadirected to that particular user. In general, routine 100 may berepeated for each clock increment at the “chip” rate to transmit onedata bit to each user for each clock increment.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an expanded multi-antenna, multi-beamphased array data communication system 12, which includes the componentsof the antenna system 10 shown in FIG. 1 along with additionalcomponents, including multiple antennas 40 a-n, an antenna selector 44,a beam selector 46, and a code selector 48. FIG. 3 illustratesadditional functions and components that may be incorporated into amulti-beam communication system 12 to build upon the basic beam encodingand decoding technology shown in FIG. 1. For example, the antenna system103 may include any number of phased array antennas 40 a-40 n. That is,the beam encoding technology of the present invention may be used todrive a single phased array antenna to receive multiple beams, or it maybe used to drive any number of phased array antennas to receive multiplebeams. For example, the antenna system 12 may simultaneously operatemore than one antenna, or it may switch among antennas on demand.Further, the antenna system 12 may select desired beam sets for one ormore of the antennas on demand, and may select desired code sets forencoding the beams for one or more of the antennas on demand. Thesefunctions are implemented by the beam forming computer 30, whichgenerates the control signals that operate phase and gain controlelements for the antenna elements within the phased array antennas 40a-40 n.

More specifically, the beam forming computer 30 includes the data sorter32, the beam encoder 34, and the control signal generator 36 describedabove with reference to FIG. 1, along with one or more additionalcomponents including the antenna selector 44, the beam selector 46, andthe code selector 48. Again, it should be understood that all of theseelements may be deployed in a combined enclosure as part of the beamforming computer 30, as suggested by FIG. 1, or each element may bedeployed in a separate enclosure, or they may be combined in any mannersuitable to a particular application. In addition, each element may belocated in a single physical location, or it may be distributed in anetwork environment.

In general, the antenna selector 44 allows the beam forming computer 30to adapt to antenna arrays with different physical configurations, suchas those configured for different broadcast volumes and differentcarrier wavelengths. For example, the antenna selector 44 allows thebeam forming computer 30 to select among multiple antennas 40 a-40 nwith different physical configurations, which can each be controlled tobroadcast multiple encoded beams. As a result, the beam forming computer30 can control each of the antennas 40 a-40 n simultaneously orseparately in time, as desired. The antenna selector 44 also allows thebeam forming computer 30 to control an antenna with a changing orselectable physical configuration. For example, a particular antenna mayinclude multiple array faces, movable panels, or a pliable array thatmay be physically altered on demand or in response to externalconditions. This operational flexibility brings a wide range of antennadeployment and control schemes under the control of the beam formingcomputer 30. In particular, multiple arrays may be simultaneously and/orserially controlled by the beam forming computer 30, and the emittedbeams may be controlled independently or in combination, as desired fora particular application.

The beam selector 46 allows the beam forming computer 30 to define adesired set of “m” beams for each antenna array under its control. Thatis, the desired beam pattern may be changed on demand to accommodate awide range of communication objectives, such as directing data to movingreceivers, avoiding known areas where interference may be caused, and soforth. For example, the beam selector 46 allows configurable beampatterns to be defined for multiple antennas under the control of thebeam forming computer 30 to implement coordinated multi-antenna,multi-beam communication tasks that may be particularly useful formissile defense, military operations, air traffic control and otherapplications with multiple communication objectives.

The code selector 48 allows the beam forming computer 30 to select amongcode sets and coding methodologies for encoding the beams for eachmulti-beam antenna system under its control. For example, the beamforming computer 30 may switch between frequency division multiplexingand orthogonal code multiplexing on demand. Within the frequencydivision multiplexing category of beam encoding techniques, the beamforming computer 30 may switch among frequency shift key coding andphase shift key coding on demand. Similarly, within the orthogonalcoding multiplexing category of beam encoding techniques, the beamforming computer 30 may switch among orthogonal code sets on demand.This allows the beam forming computer 30 to reuse frequency andorthogonal code sets as desired, for example to avoid interference, touse different coding techniques for different antennas under itscontrol, to take advantage of preexisting equipment available at aparticular location, to implement security measures, and to achieve awide range of other objectives.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a cylindrical phased arrayantenna 40 that may be well suited to a mobile telephone application.The array includes a number of antenna elements 12, which are identifiedas element (1), element (2), and so on through element (n). Thisconfiguration generally is referred to as an “n-element” array. For atypical mobile telephone system, the number of elements “n” may bemoderate, such as 30, and each element may be a conventionaltransmission device, such as a dipole antenna. Nevertheless, eachantenna element may include some type of lens or reflector, but this isnot required for the purpose of implementing the encoded beam formingmethodology of the present invention. Typically, the antenna elementsare placed in the array with a spacing of one-half of the wavelength (λ)of the intended carrier frequency. Nevertheless, this design parametermay be changed without affecting the encoded beam forming methodology ofthe present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a typical beam pattern for the cylindrical phasedarray antenna 40, which illustrates “m” beams that each contain “p”users within the corresponding coverage area. For a typical mobiletelephone application, the number of beams “m” may also be moderate,such as 10. However, the number of simultaneous users served by theantenna 40 is typically large, such as 10,000.

In addition, it should be appreciated that the encoded beam formingmethodology of the present invention may be implemented with any type ofphased array antenna configuration, and for any type of antennaapplication. This is represented in FIG. 6 by the generalizedtwo-dimensional “n-element” phased array antenna 40′. Again, the antennaelements are placed in the array with a spacing of one-half of thewavelength (λ) of the intended carrier frequency. In addition, thetwo-dimensional rectangular configuration is merely illustrative, andthe antenna 40′ may have any desired shape and number of elements, asmay be appropriate for a particular application.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating “m” beams formed by a phasedarray antenna 40, which are identified as beam (1), beam (2), and so onthrough beam (m) In general, the phased array antenna 40 can generate avirtually unlimited number of beams, and can simultaneously distinguishamong a number approaching “n” beams, where “n” is the number of antennaelements. However, in a typical application, the number of simultaneousbeams “m” is usually somewhat smaller than the number of elements “n.”For example, in a typical mobile telephone application the number ofelements “n” may be 30, and the number of beams “m” may be a smallernumber, such as 10. Nevertheless, it will be appreciated that theencoded beam forming methodology of the present invention may beimplemented with any number of beams “m” and elements “n.” It shouldalso be appreciated that the number of beams “m,” the number of antennaelements “n,” and the number of users per beam “p” are introduced toserve as parameters in the mathematical description of the encoded beamforming methodology, as set forth below and in various figures.

Turning now to the mathematical development of the antenna elementcontrol signals, FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating the compositionof multiple beams from components received from various antennaelements, and illustrating the corresponding composition of the signalsreceived at various antenna elements as components of multiple beams. Ingeneral, the beams are referred to with the coefficient “i” referred toas the “beam number,” and the antenna elements are referred to with thecoefficient “j” referred to as the “element number.” As shown in FIG. 6,the beam number “i” extends from one to “m” beams, and the elementnumber “j” extends from one to “n” elements. Using this nomenclature, aparticular beam B(i) can be expressed as a sum of components from eachof the antenna elements, which are expressed as AE(1), AE(2), and soforth through AE(n). Similarly, the signal transmitted by a particularantenna AE(j) can be expressed as a sum of components from each of thebeams, which are referred to as B(1), B(2), and so forth through B(m).This is shown diagrammatically and mathematically in FIG. 6, whichillustrates the physical and mathematical construct of the beam andantenna element equations. $\begin{matrix}{{{B(i)} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{n}\quad{{AE}(j)}}}\quad} & \left( {{beam}\quad{equation}\quad 92} \right) \\{{{{AE}(j)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{B(i)}}}\quad} & \left( {{antenna}\quad{element}\quad{equation}\quad 94} \right)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 9 illustrates a more specific mathematical expression of the beamequation 92, the antenna element equation 94, and beam parameters 96.Specifically, the beam equation 92 and the antenna element equation 94may each be expressed as a weighted vector sum of the antenna parameters96, in which each parameter is represented by a vector with an appliedgain and a phase angle.${{B(i)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\quad{a_{ij}{\mathbb{e}}^{j\quad\phi_{ij}^{o}}}}},$wherea₁₁e^(jφ°) ¹¹ =antenna element (1) component of beam (1);a₁₂e^(jφ°) ¹² =antenna element (2) component of beam (1);a_(1n)e^(jφ°) ^(1n) =antenna element (n) component of beam (1).

For example, beam (1) can be expressed as shown below, with the otherbeams defined by changing in beam number:B(1)=a ₁₁e^(jφ°) ¹¹ +a ₁₂e^(jφ°) ¹² + . . . a _(1n)e^(jφ°) ^(1n)

Similarly, the antenna element signals can be expressed as shown below:${{AE}(j)} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{m}\quad{a_{ij}{\mathbb{e}}^{j\quad\phi_{ij}^{o}}}}$wherea₁₁e^(jφ°) ¹¹ =beam (1) component of antenna element (1);a₂₁e^(jφ°) ²¹ =beam (2) component of antenna element (1);a_(m1)e^(jφ°) ^(m1) =beam (m) component of antenna element (1).

For example, the signal for element (1) can be expressed as follows,with the other antenna element signals defined by changing in elementnumber:AE(1)=a ₁₁e^(jφ°) ¹¹ +a ₂₁e^(jφ°) ²¹ + . . . a _(m1)e^(jφ°) ^(m1)

In these equations, the gain (a) and initial phase angle (φ°), which arereferred to as the “beam parameters,” are sufficient to describe a setof “m” beams formed by as set of “n” antenna elements.

The beam parameters are represented by the following symbols in themathematical expressions that describe the antenna's operation:a=gain applied to antenna element “ij”φ°_(ij)=initial phase shift for antenna element “ij”

Further, the beam parameters themselves can be derived from the antennaphysical configuration and the pointing direction of the various beams.Specifically, FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate the mathematical derivation ofthe beam parameter from antenna element positions and desired beampointing directions. The gain (a) applied to each antenna element is setby a physical device controlling the corresponding antenna element inaccordance with a desired beam characteristic. For example, the gain maybe high if a large signal is desired in a particular beam, for exampleto transmit data to an intended target. Alternatively, the gain may beset to a low level if a small signal is desired, for example to avoidtransmitting data in a particular direction.

The initial phase shift (φ°) is determined by the physical location ofthe corresponding antenna element and the pointing direction of thedesired beam, as shown below:φ°_(ij)=k{right arrow over (r)}_(j)•{right arrow over (R)}_(i)where the “r” parameter represents the location of antenna element “j”;the “R” parameter is a unity vector representing the pointing directionof beam “i”; and “k” is a constant. The initial phase angle for the beam“i” component of antenna element “j” can be derived from theseparameters as shown below: $\begin{matrix}{\overset{\rightarrow}{r_{j}} = \left( {x_{j},y_{j},z_{j}} \right)} \\{\overset{\rightarrow}{R_{i}} = \left( {{\cos\quad\alpha_{x}},{\cos\quad\alpha_{y}},{\cos\quad\alpha_{z}}} \right)} \\{{\overset{\rightarrow}{R_{i}}} = 1} \\{k = \frac{2\Pi}{\lambda}} \\{\phi_{ij}^{o} = {\frac{2\Pi}{\lambda}\left\lbrack {{x_{j}\cos\quad\alpha_{x}} + {y_{j}\cos\quad\alpha_{y}} + {z_{j}\cos\quad\alpha_{z}}} \right\rbrack}}\end{matrix}$

FIG. 12 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a routine 1200 forobtaining antenna beam parameters for desired beam sets, which may beperformed by a beam selector. In step 1202, the beam selector gets theantenna element positions, which are represented by the “r” parameter inthe equations shown above. Step 1202 is followed by step 1204, in whichthe beam selector gets the desired beam pointing directions, which arerepresented by the “R” parameter in the equations shown above. Step 1204is followed by step 1206, in which the beam selector computes the beamparameters, represented by the “a” and “φ°” parameters in the equationsshown above. Thus, the beam selector can compute the beam parameters forany given antenna configuration and beam set. This allows the beam setto be changed on demand, and also allows the antenna or the antennaconfiguration to be changed on demand if desired, for example to switchbetween available antennas or to accommodate changes in the physicalconfiguration of the antenna.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a generalized phased arraydata communication system 1300 configured to use an “n-element” phasedarray antenna 40 to broadcast “m” beams that are each encoded with datafor “p” individual users using frequency multiplexing and frequencyshift key or phase shift key data encoding. This particular example,which is tailored for use in a mobile telephone application, includes acontinuous wave source 1302 that generates the broadcast carrierfrequency. The carrier frequency signal is supplied to a 1:N splitter,which in turn supplies “n” carrier signals, one for each antennaelement. Each carrier signal is then supplied to a dedicatedprogrammable phase and gain control device 1306 a-n, one for eachantenna element. The signal for each antenna element then proceedsthrough its dedicated phase and gain control device, then through a lownoise amplifier, and then to the antenna element itself for broadcast.

To create the “m” beams that each carry unique data for “p” specificusers, the system 1300 includes a data source 20 and a beam formingcomputer 30, which includes a data sorter 32, a beam encoder 34, and acontrol signal generator 36 as described previously with reference toFIG. 1. For example, the data source 20 may provide telephone datadedicated to a large number mobile telephone users at a datatransmission or “chip” rate. The data source 20 typically includes adata buffer for each user to temporarily store that user's data, whichis received in multi-bit data packets preceded by a data header, so thatthe data can be supplied one bit at a time to the data sorter 32. Thedata sorter 32 typically obtains the user's identification information(e.g., mobile unit directory number, EIN or S/N) from the data packerheader and uses this data to determine the location of the user from themobile telephone system, which tracks the location of each user as partof its conventional operation. This allows the data sorter 32 to assigneach user's data to corresponding beam covering the area where that useris presently located.

To implement frequency multiplexing, the beam encoder 34 receives “p”data frequencies 1308, one for each of the “p” users assigned to thecorresponding beam, from a data modulator. The beam encoder uses thesedata frequencies and the user data to generate coding parameters formultiplexing the users to the corresponding beam and encoding the userdata for those users into the beam. The beam encoder 34 provides thesecoding parameters to the control signal generator 36, which alsoreceives the beam parameters beam parameters “a” and “φ°” describedpreviously with reference to FIGS. 6-12, and a timing signal from thedata clock at the data transmission or “chip” rate. The control signalgenerator 36, in turn, generates a control signal for each antennaelement, which changes at the data transmission or “chip” rate. Thespecific mathematical expressions for the control signals used toimplement frequency division multiplexing, along with frequency andphase shift key encoding, are described below with reference to FIGS. 16and 17.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a generalized phased arraydata communication system 1400 configured to use an “n-element” phasedarray antenna 40 to broadcast “m” beams that are each encoded with datafor “p” individual users using orthogonal code multiplexing and phaseshift key encoding. This system is similar to the frequency divisionmultiplexing embodiment shown in FIG. 13, except that an orthogonal codegenerator 1402 replaces the frequency code generator 1308 as the datamodulator. That is, the frequency division and orthogonal codemultiplexing systems are similar except for the multiplexing technique,which is reflected in the control signals generated by the controlsignal generator 36. Again the specific mathematical expressions for thecontrol signals used to implement orthogonal code division multiplexingwith phase shift key encoding are described below with reference toFIGS. 16 and 17.

FIG. 15 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a routine 1500 foroperating a multi-beam phased array data communication system, such asthe systems shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. In step 1502, the beam formingcomputer 30 gets beam parameters, as described previously with referenceto FIGS. 6-12. Step 1502 is followed by step 1504, in which the beamforming 30 computer gets coding parameters from a data modulator, suchas frequency shift key, phase shift key or orthogonal coding parameters,as described below with reference to FIGS. 16-17. Step 1504 is followedby step 1506, in which the beam forming computer 30 gets user data, suchas mobile telephone data for multiple users. Step 1506 is followed bystep 1508, in which the beam forming computer 30 identifies thelocations of the users. Step 1508 is followed by step 1510, in which thebeam forming computer 30 assigns the user data to the beams such thateach beam contains data for users located with the geographic coveragearea of the corresponding beam. Step 1510 is followed by step 1512, inwhich the beam forming computer 30 computes the phase and gain controlsignals for the various antenna elements for a data transmissionincrement.

Step 1512 is followed by step 1514, in which beam forming computer 30receives a data clock signal from a data clock and drives the antenna totransmit data for the associated data period. Step 1514 is followed bystep 1516, in which the beam forming computer 30 determines whether thedata clock has been incremented through a complete data cycle, such as aCDMA code sequence. More specifically, the data cycle size typicallyrepresent the minimum number of data iterations required to transmitdetectable information using the selected coding technique. If the dataclock has not been incremented through complete data cycle, the “NO”branch loops back to step 1514 until the phase and gain controllers havebeen incremented through a complete data cycle. If the data clock hasbeen incremented through a complete data cycle, the “YES” is followed tostep 1518, in which the beam forming computer 30 determines whether tochange the coding parameters. If a change in coding parameters isindicated, the “YES” branch is followed to step 1504, in which the beamforming computer 30 gets new coding parameters. If a change in codingparameters is not indicated, the “NO” branch is followed to step 1520,in which the beam forming compute 30 determines whether to change thebeam pattern. If a change in the beam pattern is not indicated, the “NO”branch is followed to step 1506, in which the beam forming computer 30gets additional user data for transmission. If a change in the beampattern is indicated, the “YES” branch is followed to step 1502, inwhich the beam forming computer 30 gets new beam parameters andimplements a broadcast cycle for another data cycle using the new beamparameters. Thus, it will be appreciated that routine 1500 allows thedata communication system to use various beam patterns and codingtechniques to broadcast the user data.

The individual hardware components used to implement the antenna systemmay be conventional, and the control signals describe methodology thatmay be used to implement the embodiments of the present invention. Thesecontrol signals, one for each antenna element, are represented by thefollowing symbols:â_(j)(t_(k))=total gain applied to element “j” and time “t_(k)”{circumflex over (φ)}_(j)(t_(k))=total gain applied to element “j” andtime “t_(k)”In these equations, the total gain and total phase shift can berepresented by a vector with a magnitude equal to the total gain and anangle equal to the total phase shift. As such, they may be expressed interms of in-phase and quadrature components as shown below, where “I”represents the in-phase component and “Q” represent the quadraturecomponent, as shown in FIG. 16: $\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{a}}_{j}\left( t_{k} \right)} = \sqrt{{I_{j}^{2}\left( t_{k} \right)} + {Q_{j}^{2}\left( t_{k} \right)}}} \\{{{\hat{\phi}}_{j}\left( t_{k} \right)} = {\tan^{- 1}\left( \frac{I_{j}\left( t_{k} \right)}{Q_{j}\left( t_{k} \right)} \right)}}\end{matrix}$

Moreover, because the total gain and total phase angle for each elementis the vector sum of the beam components for the corresponding element,the in-phase component of the total control signal can be expressed asthe vector projection sum of the in-phase components of the beamcomponents; and the quadrature component of the total control signal canbe expressed as the vector projection sum of the quadrature componentsof the beam components, as shown below.I_(j)(t_(k))=in-phase component of the total control signalQ_(j)(t_(k))=quadrature component of the total control signal$\begin{matrix}{{I_{j}\left( t_{k} \right)} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{a_{ij}\quad{\cos\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {{data}\left( t_{x} \right)}} \right\rbrack}\quad{for}\quad j}} = \left. 1\rightarrow{n\quad{elements}} \right.}} \\{{Q_{j}\left( t_{k} \right)} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{a_{ij}\quad{\sin\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {{data}\left( t_{x} \right)}} \right\rbrack}\quad{for}\quad j}} = \left. 1\rightarrow{n\quad{elements}} \right.}} \\{\begin{matrix}{{{{{where}\quad{{data}\left( t_{x} \right)}} = {{coding}\quad{parameter}}},{{which}\quad{depends}\quad{on}\quad{the}\quad{coding}}}\quad} \\{{technique}.}\end{matrix}\quad}\end{matrix}$

In these equations, the beam parameters “a” and “φ°” are those describedpreviously with reference to FIGS. 6-12, and the coding parameter“data(t_(x))” is typically embodied as a phase or frequency shift thatrepresents either a “data one” or a “data zero” in accordance with theselected data encoding strategy.

In particular, FIG. 17 shows the specific mathematical control signalexpressions for three coding techniques. Example 1A illustrates afrequency multiplexing technique using phase shift key data encoding:$\begin{matrix}{{I_{j}\left( t_{x} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\quad{a_{ij}{\cos\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {2\Pi\quad t_{k}\delta_{ik}} + {D_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}} \right\rbrack}}}}} \\\left. {{Q_{j}\left( t_{x} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\quad{a_{ij}{\sin\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {2\Pi\quad t_{k}\delta_{ik}} + {D_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}} \right\rbrack}}}}} \right\rbrack \\{{{where}\quad D_{i\quad k}} = {{{o{^\circ}}\quad{or}\quad 180{^\circ}} = {{data}\quad 1\quad{or}\quad 0}}}\end{matrix}$

In this equation, “j” represents the antenna element number, whichextends from one to “n”; “i” represents the beam number, which extendsfrom one to “m”; and “k” represents the user number, which extends fromone to “p.” The data signal for a particular beam component for aparticular antenna element is equal to the initial phase shift “φ°”adjusted by the modulation signal “2Πt_(k)δ_(ik)” offset by the codingparameter, in this example a phase shift key “D_(ik)(t_(x))” whichvaries between a value representing a “data one” and a valuerepresenting a “data zero” for each user and time increment to carrydigital data. In this coding technique, for example, a phase shift keyof zero degrees may represent a “data zero,” whereas a phase shift keyof 180 degrees may represent a “data one.”

In addition, the in-phase and quadrature components for each beamcomponent represent vector projection sums (i.e., the sum of “cos” or“sin” terms) of data signals for “p” users (i.e., the inner summation ofdata signals for “p” users). Further, the in-phase and quadraturecomponents for each antenna element represent vector projection sums forthe “m” beams (i.e., the outer summation of beam components for “m”beams). These in-phase and quadrature components for the antennaelements, in turn, are used to compute the total phase and total phaseshift for the corresponding antenna element, as shown in FIG. 16.

It may be instructive to refer back to FIG. 4 at this point to noticethat each of the “n” antenna elements over multiple data incrementsbroadcasts “m” beams, which are each composed of multiple data signalsfor “p” separate users. However, for any particular data increment, eachbeam component is composed of the vector sum of the data signals for theusers within that beam. Similarly, the total control signal for eachantenna element is composed of the vector sum of the beam components forthat particular antenna element. Therefore, the total control signal foreach antenna element for any particular data increment may be computedas a total vector sum, represented by a total gain and a total phaseshift, which is applied directly to a single phase and gain controldevice for each antenna element. Although the control signals for eachantenna element changes at the data transmission or “chip” rate toreflect changes in the underlying data, a single phase and gain settingat each antenna element for each data increment is sufficient totransmit the underlying data to all of the users assigned to the severalbeams.

In addition, because the data signals are encoded and combined throughsoftware to generate the control signals for each antenna element, asingle data modulator may be used to generate the coding parameters forthe entire system. That is, one data modulator may be used to generatethe coding parameters for all of the users, which are combined throughsoftware to generate the control signals for the various antennaelements at the “chip” rate. Thus, a separate data modulator for eachuser is not required, as in prior multi-beam data communication systems.Further, the specific coding parameters (i.e., the code sets), and theway in which the coding parameters are used to encode the user data intothe control signals (i.e., the coding methodology), may be changed ondemand within the beam forming software, without changing the antenna ordata communication hardware (other than the selection or setting of thedata modulator). Moreover, different antennas may be controlled by thesame beam forming computer, and different beam sets may be selected forreach antenna, on demand under the control of the beam forming software.As a result, the same antenna control algorithms reflected in the beamforming computer may be use to drive multiple antennas, to employdifferent selected beam sets, to employ different code sets, and toemploy different coding methodologies on demand.

For example, example 1B illustrates an alternative to example 1A, inthis case a frequency multiplexing technique using frequency shift keydata encoding: $\begin{matrix}{{I_{j}\left( t_{x} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\quad{a_{ij}{\cos\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {2\Pi\quad t_{x}{\delta_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}}}}} \\{{Q_{j}\left( t_{x} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\quad{a_{ij}{\sin\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {2\Pi\quad t_{x}{\delta_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}}}}} \\{{{where}\quad{\delta_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}} = {{{{\delta\quad}_{ik}^{o}\quad{or}\quad\frac{\delta\quad f}{2}\quad{or}\quad\delta_{ik}^{o}} - \frac{\delta\quad f}{2}} = {{data}\quad 1\quad{or}\quad 0}}}\end{matrix}$

This equation is similar to the phase shift key example 1A except thatthe data signal includes a modulator signal adjusted by a frequencyshift key equal to one-half of a selected indicator frequency shift “δf”rather than a phase shift key. In this example, increasing the modulatorfrequency by half the indicator frequency shift to the data frequencymay represent a “data one,” whereas reducing half the selected frequencyshift to the data frequency may represent a “data zero.”

Similarly, Example 2 illustrates an orthogonal coding technique:$\begin{matrix}{{I_{j}\left( t_{x} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\quad{a_{ij}{\cos\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {{{CDMA}_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)} \oplus {D_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}}}}} \\{{Q_{j}\left( t_{x} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\quad{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\quad{a_{ij}{\sin\left\lbrack {\phi_{ij}^{o} + {{{CDMA}_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)} \oplus {D_{ik}\left( t_{x} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}}}}} \\{{{where}\quad D_{i\quad k}} = {{{o{^\circ}}\quad{or}\quad 180{^\circ}} = {{data}\quad 1\quad{or}\quad 0}}}\end{matrix}$

This equation is similar to the frequency coding examples 1A and 1Bexcept that the data signal includes an orthogonal code modulationsignal that is binary added to a phase shift that represents a data bit.For example, a phase shift of zero degrees may represent a “data one,”whereas a phase shift of 180 degrees may represent a “data zero.”Further, consecutive data values over time result in a digital datastream that defines an orthogonally coded signal, which allows “p” usesto each extract their particular data from the same orthogonally codeddata sequence carried by a particular beam. Accordingly, it will beappreciated that the size of the orthogonal code set, such as 32 bits,represents a minimum number of data bits in a data cycle or frame sizerequired to transmit detectable data using this technique (e.g., seestep 1516 in FIG. 15).

FIG. 18A is a block diagram illustrating orthogonal code reuse in amulti-beam data communication system. In particular, an orthogonal codeset may be split in half, or two different orthogonal code sets used tomultiplex the users into the various beams may be employed in analternating reuse pattern. A similar reuse pattern may be employed forfrequency multiplexing, as shown in FIG. 18B. In general, and regardlessof the coding strategy, the ability of the present invention to directdata to specific users in beams significantly improves the opportunitiesfor frequency and code reuse through alternating beams in a mobiletelephone system or other multi-beam communication system.

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a first prior art multi-beam datacommunication system for an “n-element” phased array antenna 1900. Thissystem includes a separate data modulator 1908 a-n for each user,represented by the product of the number of beams “m” times the numberof users per beam “p.” Each user's data signal is then split into “n”signals, one for each antenna element. This requires “n” 1:N splitters1906 a-n. In addition, each of the “n” antenna elements requires aseparate phase and gain control device for each user. This requires “m”times “p” phase and gain control devices 1904 a through 1904 mxp.Moreover, each data modulator in this system includes digital circuitry,an intermediate frequency amplitude and/or phase modulator, and anup-converter to the desired RF frequency. In contrast, the datamodulators for the embodiments of the present invention are implement insoftware and, therefore, only require a small section of digital signalprocessing code implemented within the beam forming computer.

In addition, the technology shown in FIG. 19 to a typical mobiletelephone system, however, would be infeasible for most applications dueto a large number of antenna hardware and data communication components.For example, the phased array antenna for the transmit base station in atypical mobile telephone system might include 30 antenna elements thatgenerate 10 simultaneous beams to serve 10,000 users. For theconfiguration shown in FIG. 19, each of the 30 antenna elements wouldrequire 10,000 phase and gain control devices, resulting in 300,000phase and gain control devices. The system would also require 10,000data modulators to create the data signals for the 10,000 individualusers. Therefore, this approach would require 300,000 phase and gaindevices and 10,000 data modulators, which would be infeasible for atypical commercial mobile telephone application.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a second alternative prior artmulti-beam data communication system an “n-element” phased array antenna2000. This example is similar to the system 1900 except that the datasignals for the various users assigned to a particular beam are combinedbefore they are supplied to the antenna elements. Thus, in this type ofsystem, each antenna element requires a separate phase and gain controldevice for each beam 2002 a-n, rather than a separate phase and gaincontrol device for each user. Although this design choice reduces thenumber of phase and gain control devices, the system also requires acombiner 2008 a-m for each beam. Referring to the previous example, thistype of system would require 300 phase and gain control devices (i.e.,one for each of the 10 beams at each of the 30 antenna elements), 10beam combiners (i.e., one for each of the 10 beams) and 10,000 datamodulators to create the data signals for the 10,000 individual users.Although the number of antenna hardware components is significantlyreduced, the system would still require 10,000 data modulators, whichwould still be infeasible for a typical commercial mobile telephonesystem.

Comparing the multi-beam data communication systems 1900 and 2000 shownin FIGS. 19 and 20 to the embodiments of the present invention 1300 and1400 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrates that the encoded beam formingtechnique of the present invention allows a single antenna phase andgain control device to replace “m” or “m” times “p” phase and gaincontrol devices for each antenna element. This greatly reduces thenumber of antenna hardware components to a single phase and gain controldevice for each of the “n” antenna elements. Moreover, the presentinvention also allows a single data modulator to replace multiple datamodulators required for each user in the prior systems. This is verysignificant advantage for a mobile telephone system, in which the numberof simultaneous users may be a very large number, such as 10,000.

In the previous mobile telephone example with 10,000 users, forinstance, the beam encoding technology of the present invention reducesthe required number of data modulators from 10,000 to one. Further, thebeam encoding technology reduces the number of antenna hardwarecomponents from one set per user, per antenna element (i.e., 300,000) orfrom one set per beam, per antenna element (i.e., 300) to one set perantenna element (i.e., 30). As a result, the multi-bam datacommunication systems 1300 and 1400 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 representcommercially feasible alternatives for a typical mobile telephonesystem, whereas the multi-bam data communication systems 1900 and 2000shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 are most likely not feasible alternatives. Inaddition, embodiments of the present invention will provide similaradvantages in cost, weight, size and complexity for other multi-beamcommunication systems, such as satellite communication systems, militarycommunication systems, and other multi-beam applications.

In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that present inventionprovides an improved system for generating multiple beams, each withdata encoded for multiple users, with a phased array broadcast antennasystem. It should be understood that the foregoing relates only to theexemplary embodiments of the present invention, and that numerouschanges may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scopeof the invention as defined by the following claims.

1-38. (canceled)
 39. A multi-beam phased array antenna systemcomprising: a plurality of antenna elements; a single phase and gaincontrol device associated with each antenna element; and a beam formingcomputer configured to generate control signals to drive the phase andgain control devices to create multiple beams, wherein: each beam isassigned data corresponding to users located within a coverageassociated with the corresponding beam, a control signal for eachantenna element comprises a total gain and a total phase shift, and thecontrol signal for each antenna element comprises a vector sum of beamcomponents in which one beam component corresponds to each beam.
 40. Theantenna system of claim 39, wherein each beam component comprises avector sum of data signals for users assigned to the corresponding beam,wherein each data signal comprises a coding parameter representing datafor an associated user.
 41. The antenna system of claim 39, wherein: thecontrol signal for each antenna element comprises an in-phase componentdefined by a sum of in-phase beam components for the correspondingantenna element; the control signal for each antenna element comprises aquadrature component defined by a sum of quadrature beam components forthe corresponding antenna element; and the control signal for eachantenna element comprises a total gain and a total phase shift for theantenna element based on the in-phase and quadrature components for thecorresponding antenna element.
 42. The antenna system of claim 41,wherein: the in-phase beam components for each antenna element includesan in-phase component corresponding to each beam; and the quadraturebeam components for each antenna element includes a quadrature componentcorresponding to each beam.
 43. The antenna system of claim 42 whereincoding parameters are embedded in the in-phase and quadrature beamcomponents.
 44. The antenna system of claim 43, wherein: multiple usersare assigned to each beam using frequency division multiplexing; and theuser data is encoded into each beam using a frequency shift key codingtechnique.
 45. The antenna system of claim 43, wherein: multiple usersare assigned to each beam using frequency division multiplexing; and theuser data is encoded into each beam using a phase shift key codingtechnique.
 46. The antenna system of claim 43, wherein: multiple usersare assigned to each beam using orthogonal multiplexing; and the userdata is encoded into each beam using a phase shift key coding technique.47. The antenna system of claim 43, wherein the user data is encodedinto each beam using coding parameters that are changed on demand.
 48. Amulti-beam phased array antenna system comprising: a plurality ofantenna elements; a single phase and gain control device associated witheach antenna element; and a single continuous wave source; a singlesplitter receiving an input carrier signal from the continuous wavesource, dividing the input carrier signal into a plurality outputcarrier signals, and delivering an output carrier signal to each antennaelement and associated phase and gain control device; and a beam formingcomputer configured to generate control signals to drive the phase andgain control devices to create multiple beams, wherein the controlsignal for each antenna element includes a beam component correspondingto each beam.
 49. The antenna system of claim 48, wherein each beamcomponent comprises a total gain and a total phase shift reflecting avector sum of beam components in which each bean components correspondsto an associated beam.
 50. The antenna system of claim 49, wherein eachbeam component comprises a vector sum of data signals for users assignedto the corresponding beam, wherein each data signal comprises a codingparameter representing data for an associated user.
 51. The antennasystem of claim 50, wherein: the control signal for each antenna elementcomprises an in-phase component defined by a sum of in-phase beamcomponents for the corresponding antenna element; the control signal foreach antenna element comprises a quadrature component defined by a sumof quadrature beam components for the corresponding antenna element; andthe control signal for each antenna element comprises a total gain and atotal phase shift for the antenna element based on the in-phase andquadrature components for the corresponding antenna element.
 52. Theantenna system of claim 51, wherein: the in-phase beam components foreach antenna element includes an in-phase component corresponding toeach beam; and the quadrature beam components for each antenna elementincludes a quadrature component corresponding to each beam.
 53. Theantenna system of claim 42 wherein the coding parameters are embedded inthe in-phase and quadrature beam components.
 54. The antenna system ofclaim 53, wherein: multiple users are assigned to each beam usingfrequency division multiplexing; and the user data is encoded into eachbeam using a frequency shift key coding technique.
 55. The antennasystem of claim 53, wherein: multiple users are assigned to each beamusing frequency division multiplexing; and the user data is encoded intoeach beam using a phase shift key coding technique.
 56. The antennasystem of claim 53, wherein: multiple users are assigned to each beamusing orthogonal multiplexing; and the user data is encoded into eachbeam using a phase shift key coding technique.
 57. The antenna system ofclaim 53, wherein the user data is encoded into each beam using codingparameters that are changed on demand.
 58. In or for a beam formeroperative for controlling a phased array antenna system including aplurality of antenna elements, a single phase and gain control deviceassociated with each antenna element, a single continuous wave source,and a single splitter receiving an input carrier signal from thecontinuous wave source, dividing the input carrier signal into aplurality output carrier signals and delivering one of the outputcarrier signals to each antenna element and associated phase and gaincontrol device, an improvement comprising: the beam former operative forcoding data and combining the coded data into control signals to drivethe plurality of antenna elements to broadcast a plurality of beams inwhich each beam carries data assigned to a plurality of users associatedwith the beam.
 59. The beam former of claim 58, wherein the controlsignal for each antenna element comprises a vector sum of beamcomponents in which one beam component corresponds to each beam,
 60. Theantenna system of claim 58, wherein each beam component comprises avector sum of data signals for users assigned to the corresponding beam.